radiologyРадиология — практикаRadiology - Practice2713-0118Центральный научно-исследовательский институт лучевой диагностики10.52560/2713-0118-2025-5-89-102radiology-746Research ArticleПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕCONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATIONВозможности объемной эхографии для исследовании ЦНС плода в первом триместре беременностиThe Possibilities of Volumetric Echography for the Study of the Fetal Central Nervous System in the First Trimester of Pregnancyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8031-0962ТалолинаО. В.TalolinaO. V.

Талолина Оксана Владимировна, врач-эксперт отделения ультразвуковой и функциональной диагностики,

Москва

Talolinа Oksana Vladimirovna, expert physician, Department of Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics

Moscow

o_talolina@oparina4.ruНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В. И. Кулакова Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияNational Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationRussian Federation2025261020250589102Copyright © Талолина О.В., 20252025Талолина О.В.Talolina O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.radp.ru/jour/article/view/746Введение

Введение. Последние полвека характеризуются бурным развитием цифровых технологий и их использованием в разных сферах жизнедеятельности. Активно развивается процесс цифровизации и в различных отраслях медицины. К числу последнего можно отнести и объемную эхографию, обладающую множеством преимуществ перед 2D-визуализацией в возможности получения новой информации об особенностях и характере патологических изменений в формировании аномалий центральной нервной системы (ЦНС) плода.

Цель исследования

Цель исследования. Анализ научных публикаций, посвященных применению объемной эхографии с возможностью дальнейшего использования файлов трехмерных ультразвуковых данных для исследования ЦНС плода в I триместре беременности.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Обзор проведен на основе анализа баз данных PubMed, eLibrary, Библиотека Cohrane, UpToDate, MEDLINE, Embase с 2011 по 2024 г. Количество проанализированных источников — 42.

Результаты

Результаты. Получены данные о современных возможностях ультразвуковой диагностики в I триместре беременности для раннего выявления аномалий ЦНС плода.

Выводы

Выводы. В научной литературе подчеркивается актуальность и клиническая польза применения объемной эхографии с возможностью дальнейшего использования файлов трехмерных ультразвуковых данных для исследования ЦНС плода в I триместре беременности.

Introduction

Introduction. The past half-century has been marked by rapid advances in digital technologies and their integration into multiple areas of human activity, including medicine. One of the most dynamically evolving fields is volume (three-dimensional) ultrasonography, which offers substantial advantages over conventional 2D-imaging by providing novel insights into the nature and pattern of fetal central nervous system (CNS) anomalies.

Objective

Objective. To analyse the scientific literature on the application of volume ultrasonography and subsequent processing of three-dimensional ultrasound data files for the assessment of the fetal CNS during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, eLibrary, the Cochrane Library, UpToDate, MEDLINE, and Embase for the period 2011–2024. A total of 42 sources were reviewed.

Results

Results. Current data demonstrate the potential of first-trimester ultrasonography for the early detection of fetal CNS anomalies, highlighting the diagnostic capabilities of threedimensional imaging.

Conclusions

Conclusions. Published evidence underscores the relevance and clinical value of volume ultrasonography, particularly the subsequent utilisation of three-dimensional ultrasound data files, for the investigation of the fetal CNS in the first trimester of pregnancy.

объемная эхографияI триместр беременностианомалии ЦНСмашинный анализ эхограммThree-dimensional Echographyfirst Trimester of PregnancyCNS AbnormalitiesMachine Analysis of EchogramsReferencesТуманова У. Н., Шувалова М. П., Щеголев А. И. Анализ статистических показателей врожденных аномалий как причины ранней неонатальной смерти в Российской Федерации //Росcийский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2018;63(6):60-67. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-5-60-67Tumanova U. N., Shuvalova M. P., Schegolev A. I. Analysis of statistical indicators of congenital anomalies as causes of early neonatal death in the Russian Federation. Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics). 2018;63(6):60-67. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-5-60-67Abuhamad A., Chaoui R. The getal central nervous system. In: Abuhamad A., Chaoui R. First trimester ultrasound diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. 1. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2018;113-144. ISBN: 9781496396372.Abuhamad A., Chaoui R. The getal central nervous system. In: Abuhamad A., Chaoui R. First trimester ultrasound diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. 1. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. 2018;113-144. ISBN: 9781496396372.Altmann R., Rechberger T., Altmann C., Hirtler L., Scharnreitner I., Stelzl P., Enengl S. Development of the prosencephalic structures, ganglionic eminence, basal ganglia and thalamus at 11 + 3 to 13 + 6 gestational weeks on 3D transvaginal ultrasound including normative data. Brain Struct. Funct. 2023;228:2089-2101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-02302679-yAltmann R., Rechberger T., Altmann C., Hirtler L., Scharnreitner I., Stelzl P., Enengl S. Development of the prosencephalic structures, ganglionic eminence, basal ganglia and thalamus at 11 + 3 to 13 + 6 gestational weeks on 3D transvaginal ultrasound including normative data. Brain Struct. Funct. 2023;228:2089-2101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-02302679-yAltmann R., Scharnreitner I., Auer C., Hirtler L., Springer C., Falschlehner S., Arzt W. Visualization of the third ventricle, the future cavum septi pellucidi, and the cavum veli interpositi at 11+3 to 13+6 gestational weeks on 3D transvaginal ultrasound including normative data. Ultraschall Med. 2023;44(1):e72-e82. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1683-6141Altmann R., Scharnreitner I., Auer C., Hirtler L., Springer C., Falschlehner S., Arzt W. Visualization of the third ventricle, the future cavum septi pellucidi, and the cavum veli interpositi at 11+3 to 13+6 gestational weeks on 3D transvaginal ultrasound including normative data. Ultraschall Med. 2023;44(1):e72-e82. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1683-6141Altmann R., Schertler C., Scharnreitner I., Arzt W., Dertinger S., Scheier M. Diagnosis of Fetal Posterior Fossa Malformations in High-Risk Pregnancies at 12–14 Gestational Weeks by Transvaginal Ultrasound Examination. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2020;47(3):182-187. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501500Altmann R., Schertler C., Scharnreitner I., Arzt W., Dertinger S., Scheier M. Diagnosis of Fetal Posterior Fossa Malformations in High-Risk Pregnancies at 12–14 Gestational Weeks by Transvaginal Ultrasound Examination. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2020;47(3):182-187. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501500Andescavage N. N., du Plessis A., McCarter R., Serag A., Evangelou I., Vezina G., Robertson R., Limperopoulos C. Complex Trajectories of Brain Development in the Healthy Human Fetus. Cereb Cortex. 2017;27(11):5274-5283. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw306Andescavage N. N., du Plessis A., McCarter R., Serag A., Evangelou I., Vezina G., Robertson R., Limperopoulos C. Complex Trajectories of Brain Development in the Healthy Human Fetus. Cereb Cortex. 2017;27(11):5274-5283. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw306Atta C. A., Fiest K. M., Frolkis A. D., Jette N., Pringsheim T., St Germaine-Smith C., Rajapakse T., Kaplan G. G., Metcalfe A. Global Birth Prevalence of Spina Bifida by Folic Acid Fortification Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Public. Health. 2016;106: e 24-34. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302902Atta C. A., Fiest K. M., Frolkis A. D., Jette N., Pringsheim T., St GermaineSmith C., Rajapakse T., Kaplan G. G., Metcalfe A. Global Birth Prevalence of Spina Bifida by Folic Acid Fortification Status: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis. Am. J. Public. Health. 2016;106: e 24-34. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302902A. Bilardo C. M., Chaoui R., Hyett J. A., Kagan K. O., Karim J. N., Papageorghiou T., Poon L. C., Salomon L. J., Syngelaki A. Nicolaides K. H. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): performance of 11–14-week ultrasound scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2023;61(1):127-143. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.26106A. Bilardo C. M., Chaoui R., Hyett J. A., Kagan K. O., Karim J. N., Papageorghiou T., Poon L. C., Salomon L. J., Syngelaki A. Nicolaides K. H. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): performance of 11–14-week ultrasound scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2023;61(1):127-143. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.26106Birnbaum R., Barzilay R., Brusilov M., Wolman I., Malinger G. The early pattern of human corpus callosum development: A transvaginal 3D neurosonographic study. Prenat. Diagn. 2020;40(10):1239-1245. https://doi:10.1002/pd.5735Birnbaum R., Barzilay R., Brusilov M., Wolman I., Malinger G. The early pattern of human corpus callosum development: A transvaginal 3D neurosonographic study. Prenat. Diagn. 2020;40(10):1239-1245. https://doi:10.1002/pd.5735Blencowe H., Kancherla V., Moorthie S., Darlison M. W., Modell B. Estimates of global and regional prevalence of neural tubedefectsfor 2015: asystematicanalysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Feb;1414(1):3146. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13548. Epub 2018 Jan 24. PMID: 29363759.Blencowe H., Kancherla V., Moorthie S., Darlison M. W., Modell B. Estimates of global and regional prevalence of neural tubedefectsfor 2015: asystematicanalysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Feb;1414(1):3146. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13548. Epub 2018 Jan 24. PMID: 29363759.Broughan J. M., Martin D., Higgins T., Swan G., Cullum A., Kurinczuk J. J., Draper E. S., Luyt K., Wellesley D. G., Stevens S., Tedstone A., Rankin J. Prevalence of neural tube defects in England prior to the mandatory fortification of non-wholemeal wheat flour with folic acid: a populationbased cohort study. Arch. Dis. Child. 2024 Jan 22;109(2):106-112. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2023-325856Broughan J. M., Martin D., Higgins T., Swan G., Cullum A., Kurinczuk J. J., Draper E. S., Luyt K., Wellesley D. G., Stevens S., Tedstone A., Rankin J. Prevalence of neural tube defects in England prior to the mandatory fortification of non-wholemeal wheat flour with folic acid: a populationbased cohort study. Arch. Dis. Child. 2024 Jan 22;109(2):106-112. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2023-325856Cara M. L., Streatam I., Buga A. M., Iliescu D. G. Developmental brain asymmetry. The good and the bad sides. Symmetry. 2022;14:128. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010128Cara M. L., Streatam I., Buga A. M., Iliescu D. G. Developmental brain asymmetry. The good and the bad sides. Symmetry. 2022;14:128. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010128Comănescu M. C., Căpitănescu R. G., Comănescu A. C., Cernea N., Popa A., Barbu E. M., Albulescu D. M. First Trimester Neurosonogram-Our Experience. Curr Health Sci J. 2019 Apr-Jun;45(2): 167-173. https://doi.org/10.12865/CHSJ.45.02.06. Epub 2019 Jun 30. PMID: 31624643; PMCID: PMC6778289.Comănescu M. C., Căpitănescu R. G., Comănescu A. C., Cernea N., Popa A., Barbu E. M., Albulescu D. M. First Trimester Neurosonogram-Our Experience. Curr Health Sci J. 2019 Apr-Jun;45(2): 167-173. https://doi.org/10.12865/CHSJ.45.02.06. Epub 2019 Jun 30. PMID: 31624643; PMCID: PMC6778289.Conturso R., Contro E., Bellussi F., Youssef A., Pacella G., Martelli F., Rizzo N., Pilu G., Ghi T. Demonstration of the Pericallosal Artery at 11-13 Weeks of Gestation Using 3D Ultrasound. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2015;37(4):305-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000366156. Epub 2014 Nov 1. PMID: 25376870.Conturso R., Contro E., Bellussi F., Youssef A., Pacella G., Martelli F., Rizzo N., Pilu G., Ghi T. Demonstration of the Pericallosal Artery at 11-13 Weeks of Gestation Using 3D Ultrasound. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2015;37(4):305-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000366156. Epub 2014 Nov 1. PMID: 25376870.Engels A. C., Joyeux L., Brantner C., De Keersmaecker B., De Catte L., Baud D., Deprest J., Van Mieghem T. Sonographic detection of central nervous system defects in the first trimester of pregnancy. Prenat. Diagn. 2016;36(3):266-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.4770Engels A. C., Joyeux L., Brantner C., De Keersmaecker B., De Catte L., Baud D., Deprest J., Van Mieghem T. Sonographic detection of central nervous system defects in the first trimester of pregnancy. Prenat. Diagn. 2016;36(3):266-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.4770Familiari A., Di Ilio C., Fanelli T., Volpe P., Dall'Asta A., Volpe N., Zegarra R. R., Minopoli M., Thilaganathan B., Prefumo F., Quarello E., Raffaelli R., Binder J., Grisolia G., Rizzo G., Meagher S., Tran H., Boldrini L., Ghi T. (2024), OP02.09: AIRFRAME: artificial intelligence for recognition of fetal brain anomalies from ultrasound images of the first trimester. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2024;64:6465. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.27891Familiari A., Di Ilio C., Fanelli T., Volpe P., Dall'Asta A., Volpe N., Zegarra R. R., Minopoli M., Thilaganathan B., Prefumo F., Quarello E., Raffaelli R., Binder J., Grisolia G., Rizzo G., Meagher S., Tran H., Boldrini L., Ghi T. (2024), OP02.09: AIRFRAME: artificial intelligence for recognition of fetal brain anomalies from ultrasound images of the first trimester. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2024;64:6465. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.27891Ferreira C., Rouxinol-Dias A. L., Loureiro T., Nicolaides K. Subarachnoid space diameter in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation. J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(12):2079-2083. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1425833Ferreira C., Rouxinol-Dias A. L., Loureiro T., Nicolaides K. Subarachnoid space diameter in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11-13 weeks' gestation. J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(12):2079-2083. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018. 1425833Gonçalves L. F. Three-dimensional ultrasound of the fetus: how does it help? Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46(2):177-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-015-3441-6Gonçalves L. F. Three-dimensional ultrasound of the fetus: how does it help? Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46(2):177-189. https://doi:10.1007/s00247-015-3441-6Khalifeh A., Weiner S., Berghella V., Scott S., Gerson A. Comparative Analysis of Two — Versus Three-Dimensional Sonography for Nuchal Translucency Measurement. Am. J. Perinatol. 2016;33(5): 486-489. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1566248Khalifeh A., Weiner S., Berghella V., Scott S., Gerson A. Comparative Analysis of Two — Versus Three-Dimensional Sonography for Nuchal Translucency Measurement. Am. J. Perinatol. 2016;33(5): 486-489. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-003 5-1566248Leibovitz Z., Lerman-Sagie T., Haddad L. Fetal Brain Development: Regulating Processes and Related Malformations. Life (Basel). 2022;12(6):809. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060809Leibovitz Z., Lerman-Sagie T., Haddad L. Fetal Brain Development: Regulating Processes and Related Malformations. Life (Basel). 2022;12(6):809. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060809Li Z., Di J. Prevention and Control of Birth Defects in China: Achievements and Challenges. China CDC Wkly. 2021 Sep 10;3(37):771-772. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.191. PMID: 34594987; PMCID: PMC8441183.Li Z., Di J. Prevention and Control of Birth Defects in China: Achievements and Challenges. China CDC Wkly. 2021 Sep 10;3(37):771-772. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.191. PMID: 34594987; PMCID: PMC8441183.Malinger G., Paladini D., Haratz K. K., Monteagudo A., Pilu G. L., Timor-Tritsch I. E. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic examination of the fetal central nervous system. Part 1: performance of screening examination and indications for targeted neurosonography. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2020;56(3): 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.22145Malinger G., Paladini D., Haratz K. K., Monteagudo A., Pilu G. L., TimorTritsch I. E. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic examination of the fetal central nervous system. Part 1: performance of screening examination and indications for targeted neurosonography. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2020;56(3): 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.22145Morris J. K., Wellesley D. G., Barisic I., Addor M.-C., Bergman J. E. H., Braz P., Cavero-Carbonell C., Draper E. S., Gatt M., Haeusler M., Klungsoyr K., Kurinczuk J. J., Lelong N., Luyt K., Lynch C., O’Mahony M. T., Mokoroa O., Nelen V., Neville A. J., Pierini A., Randrianaivo H., Rankin J., Rissmann A., Rouget F., Schaub B., Tucker D. F., Verellen-Dumoulin C., Wiesel A., Zymak-Zakutnia N., Lanzoni M., Garne E. Epidemiology of congenital cerebral anomalies in Europe: A multicentre, population-based EUROCAT study. Arch Dis in Child. 2019;104(12):1181-1187. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-316733Morris J. K., Wellesley D. G., Barisic I., Addor M.-C., Bergman J. E. H., Braz P., Cavero-Carbonell C., Draper E. S., Gatt M., Haeusler M., Klungsoyr K., Kurinczuk J. J., Lelong N., Luyt K., Lynch C., O’Mahony M. T., Mokoroa O., Nelen V., Neville A. J., Pierini A., Randrianaivo H., Rankin J., Rissmann A., Rouget F., Schaub B., Tucker D. F., VerellenDumoulin C., Wiesel A., Zymak-Zakutnia N., Lanzoni M., Garne E. Epidemiology of congenital cerebral anomalies in Europe: A multicentre, population-based EUROCAT study. Arch Dis in Child. 2019;104(12):1181-1187. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-316733Oumer M., Tazebew A., Silamsaw M. Birth prevalence of neural tube defects and associated risk factors in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 21, 190 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02653-9Oumer M., Tazebew A., Silamsaw M. Birth prevalence of neural tube defects and associated risk factors in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 21, 190 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02653-9Paladini D., Malinger G., Birnbaum R., Monteagudo A., Pilu G., Salomon L. J., Timor-Tritsch I. E. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic examination of the fetal central nervous system. Part 2: performance of targeted neurosonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.23616Paladini D., Malinger G., Birnbaum R., Monteagudo A., Pilu G., Salomon L. J., Timor-Tritsch I. E. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic examination of the fetal central nervous system. Part 2: performance of targeted neurosonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.23616Paviova E., Markov D., Ivanov S. Fetal Anatomy Assessment at 11+0-13+6 W.G. After Acquistion of a Single 3D Volume - Myth or Reality? Akush. Ginekol. (Sofiia) 2015;54(4):3-11.Paviova E., Markov D., Ivanov S. Fetal Anatomy Assessment at 11+0-13+6 W.G. After Acquistion of a Single 3D VolumeMyth or Reality? Akush. Ginekol. (Sofiia) 2015;54(4):3-11.Peker N., Yeniel A. O., Ergenoglu M., Hurşitoğlu S. Akercan F., Karadadaş N. Combination of intracranial translucency and 3D sonography in the first trimester diagnosis of neural tube defects: case report and review of literature. Ginekol Pol. 2013;84(1):65-67. https://doi.org/10.17772/gp/1543Peker N., Yeniel A. O., Ergenoglu M., Hurşitoğlu S. Akercan F., Karadadaş N. Combination of intracranial translucency and 3D sonography in the first trimester diagnosis of neural tube defects: case report and review of literature. Ginekol Pol. 2013;84(1):65-67. https://doi.org/10.17772/gp/1543Pertl B., Eder S., Stern C., Verheyen S. The Fetal Posterior Fossa on Prenatal Ultrasound Imaging: Normal Longitudinal Development and Posterior Fossa Anomalies. Ultraschall Med. 2019;40(6): 692-721. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-10150157Pertl B., Eder S., Stern C., Verheyen S. The Fetal Posterior Fossa on Prenatal Ultrasound Imaging: Normal Longitudinal Development and Posterior Fossa Anomalies. Ultraschall Med. 2019;40(6): 692-721. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-10150157Pooh R. K. Three-dimensional Evaluation of the Fetal Brain. Donald School J. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;11(4): 268-275. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1532Pooh R. K. Three-dimensional Evaluation of the Fetal Brain. Donald School J. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;11(4): 268-275. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1532Rousian M., Groenenberg I. A. L., Hop W. C., Koning A. H. J., van der Spek P. J., Exalto N., Steegers E. A. P. Human embryonic growth and development of the cerebellum using 3-dimensional ultrasound and virtual reality. Reprod Sci. 2013; 20(8):899-908. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719112468950Rousian M., Groenenberg I. A. L., Hop W. C., Koning A. H. J., van der Spek P. J., Exalto N., Steegers E. A. P. Human embryonic growth and development of the cerebellum using 3-dimensional ultrasound and virtual reality. Reprod Sci. 2013; 20(8):899-908. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719112468950Martins Santana E. F., Araujo Júnior E., Tonni G., Costa F. D. S., Meagher S. Acrania-exencephaly-anencephaly sequence phenotypic characterization using twoand three-dimensional ultrasound between 11 and 13 weeks and 6 days of gestation. J. of Ultrason. 2018;18(74):240246. https://doi.org/10.15557/JoU.2018. 0035Martins Santana E. F., Araujo Júnior E., Tonni G., Costa F. D. S., Meagher S. Acrania-exencephaly-anencephaly sequence phenotypic characterization using twoand three-dimensional ultrasound between 11 and 13 weeks and 6 days of gestation. J. of Ultrason. 2018;18(74):240246. https://doi.org/10.15557/JoU.2018. 0035Scheier M., Lachmann R., Pětroš M., Nicolaides K. H. Three-dimensional sonography of the posterior fossa in fetuses with open spina bifida at 11–13 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2011;38(6):625-629. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.9067Scheier M., Lachmann R., Pětroš M., Nicolaides K. H. Three-dimensional sonography of the posterior fossa in fetuses with open spina bifida at 11–13 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2011;38(6):625-629. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.9067Shwe W. H., Schlatterer S. D., Williams J., du Plessis A. J., Mulkey S. B. Outcome of agenesis of the corpus callosum diagnosed by fetal MRI. Pediatr Neurol. 2022;135:44‐51.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.07.007Shwe W. H., Schlatterer S. D., Williams J., du Plessis A. J., Mulkey S. B. Outcome of agenesis of the corpus callosum diagnosed by fetal MRI. Pediatr Neurol. 2022;135:44‐51.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.07.007He S., Ruan J., Wang X., Lyu G., Wei Y., Huang T., Zeng P. Measurement of fetal conus distance with 3D ultrasonography as a reliable prenatal diagnosis method for tethered cord syndrome. Obstetrics & Genaecology Research. 2020;46(4):587594. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14202He S., Ruan J., Wang X., Lyu G., Wei Y., Huang T., Zeng P. Measurement of fetal conus distance with 3D ultrasonography as a reliable prenatal diagnosis method for tethered cord syndrome. Obstetrics & Genaecology Research. 2020;46(4):587594. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14202Xiao S., Zhang J., Zhu Y., Zhang Z., Cao H., Xie M., Zhang L. Application and Progress of Artificial Intelligence in Fetal Ultrasound. J. Clin. Med. 2023;12(9): 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093298Xiao S., Zhang J., Zhu Y., Zhang Z., Cao H., Xie M., Zhang L. Application and Progress of Artificial Intelligence in Fetal Ultrasound. J. Clin. Med. 2023;12(9): 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093298Tudorache Ş., Căpitănescu R. G., Drăgușin R. C., Zorilă G. L., Marinaș M. C., Cernea N., Pătru C. L. Implications of the First Trimester 2d and 3D Ultrasound in Pregnancy Outcome. Curr. Health. Sci. J. 2019;45(3):311-315. https://doi.org/10.12865/CHSJ.45.03.10Tudorache Ş., Căpitănescu R. G., Drăgușin R. C., Zorilă G. L., Marinaș M. C., Cernea N., Pătru C. L. Implications of the First Trimester 2d and 3D Ultrasound in Pregnancy Outcome. Curr. Health. Sci. J. 2019;45(3):311-315. https://doi.org/10.12865/CHSJ.45.03.10Ushakov F., Sacco A., Andreeva E., Tudorache S., Everett T., David A. L., Pandya P. P. Crash sign: new first-trimester sonographic marker of spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2019; 54(6):740-745. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.20285Ushakov F., Sacco A., Andreeva E., Tudorache S., Everett T., David A. L., Pandya P. P. Crash sign: new first-trimester sonographic marker of spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2019; 54(6):740-745. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.20285Volpe N., Dall'Asta A., Di Pasquo E., Frusca T., Gh T. First-trimester fetal neurosonography: technique and diagnostic potential. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2021; 57(2):204-214. https://doi.org/c10.1002/uog.23149Volpe N., Dall'Asta A., Di Pasquo E., Frusca T., Gh T. First-trimester fetal neurosonography: technique and diagnostic potential. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2021; 57(2):204-214. https://doi.org/c10.1002/uog.23149Volpe P., De Robertis V., Volpe G., Boito S., Fanelli T., Olivieri C., Votino C., Persico N. Xiao. Position of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle in firstand second-trimester fetuses: a novel approach to early diagnosis of cystic posterior fossa anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021;58 (4):568-575. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.23651Volpe P., De Robertis V., Volpe G., Boito S., Fanelli T., Olivieri C., Votino C., Persico N. Xiao. Position of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle in firstand second-trimester fetuses: a novel approach to early diagnosis of cystic posterior fossa anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021;58 (4):568-575. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.23651Xie H. N., Wang N., He M., Zhang L. H., Cai H. M., Xian J. B., Lin M. F., Zheng J., Yang Y. Z. Using deep-learning algorithms to classify fetal brain ultrasound images as normal or abnormal. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;56(4):579-587. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21967Xie H. N., Wang N., He M., Zhang L. H., Cai H. M., Xian J. B., Lin M. F., Zheng J., Yang Y. Z. Using deep-learning algorithms to classify fetal brain ultrasound images as normal or abnormal. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;56(4):579-587. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21967Yankova M., Stratieva V., Chaveeva P., Hadjidekov G. Detection of Fetal Defects in First Trimester by Ultrasound Examination — Abilities and Limitations. International Journal of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatal Care. 2016;3;41-46. https://doi.org/10.15379/2408-9761.2016.03.02.03Yankova M., Stratieva V., Chaveeva P., Hadjidekov G. Detection of Fetal Defects in First Trimester by Ultrasound Examination — Abilities and Limitations. International Journal of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatal Care. 2016;3;41-46. https://doi.org/10.15379/2408-9761.2016.03.02.03Zegarra R. R., Volpe N., Bertelli E., Amorelli G. M., Ferraro L., Schera G. B. L., Cromi A., di Pasquo E., Dall’Asta A., Ghezzi F., Frusca T., Ghi T. Three-Dimensional Sonographic Evaluation of the Position of the Fetal Conus Medullaris at First Trimester. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2021;48(6):464-471. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516516Zegarra R. R., Volpe N., Bertelli E., Amorelli G. M., Ferraro L., Schera G. B. L., Cromi A., di Pasquo E., Dall’Asta A., Ghezzi F., Frusca T., Ghi T. ThreeDimensional Sonographic Evaluation of the Position of the Fetal Conus Medullaris at First Trimester. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2021;48(6):464-471. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516516

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.