Dual-energy substruction (DES) radiography is a perspective technique which based on impact high and lower energy photons, produces soft-tissue and bone selective images. DES radiography is able to minimize negative qualities of traditional chest X-ray, DES radiography requires expose to comparable doses of radiation. The main aim of the study was to assess the value of DES radiography to detect anatomical and pathological structures of chest. A total of 100 patients with chest lesions were examined by using DES radiography and traditional chest X-ray. As a result, 300 images were analyzed. The soft-tissue and bone selective images were assessed separately. Dual-energy bone reconstruction improved visualization 19 % of the cases; for 9 % of all new information (fractures, bone destruction) was obtained. Soft-tissue reconstruction improved visualization of pulmonary structure 30 % of the cases; additional information consisted small pulmonary calcifications and high-density zones (3 %). By eliminating rib shadows and soft tissues, DES radiography improved visualization of pathological structures of chest. DES radiography can be used as an independent modality, but not considered as a substitute for multi-spiral computed tomography (MSCT) and tomosynthesis. 

Duplex scanning of vascular access was performed in 550 patients undergoing hemodialysis. Stenosis was detected in 48 (8,7 %) patients, 26 (54,2 %) of them had significant stenosis. Outflow vein stenosis was more common (35 people — 72,9 %) than inflow artery stenosis (7 people — 14,6 %) and stenosis of the anastomotic zone (5 people — 10,4 %), ipsilateral subclavian vein stenosis was detected in 1 (2,1 %) case. Stenosis presence did not depend on patient’s gender, age or the disease that caused chronic renal failure. Stenosis was more common in patients with radiocephalic fistula (р < 0,05). All patients with the inflow artery stenosis and stenosis of the proximal anastomotic zone had concomitant diseases of the peripheral arteries. A correlation was found between the significant stenosis presence and the thrombosis development (p = 0,02). Duplex scanning is the useful tool for diagnosing vascular access stenosis as it allows for timely surgical correction and increases the hemodialysis effectiveness. 

We retrospectively analyzed the chest CT data performed on a multislice CT 1–2 days before death; 63 deceased patients of both sexes aged 27 to 96 with COVID-19-induced severe and extremely severe pneumonia. All patients underwent autopsy with a histological examination. Material for CT and histological comparisons was taken from 14 deceased patients. The average gender distribution by age is 68,5 ± 17,8, for men the average age is 40 (63,5 %), for women — 23 (36,5 %). We identified 15 X-ray semiotic signs of COVID-19-induced pneumonia. «Frosted glass» syndrome, «cobblestone» syndrome and «consolidation» were observed in 100 % cases. The frequency of other signs ranged from 1,6 % to 95,2 %. The average volume of lung damage was 56,63 ± 19,17 with a range from 12 to 90 %. According to the CT scale, the volume of damage fluctuated: CT1 — 7,9 %, CT2 — 36,5 %, CT3 — 41,3 %, CT4 — 14,3 %. The number of patients (55,6 %) with more than 50 % lung damage prevailed. Both lungs were involved in the inflammatory process in 100 % cases, the lower lobes were affected by 100 %, the middle lobes were affected by 80 %, and the upper ones by 43 %. The peripheral and posterior parts were damaged more often than the central and anterior ones. In the age group of patients up to 65, the volume of lung damage was much more significant than in patients over 65. The need for mechanical ventilation was significantly greater in case the volume of lung damage was more than 50 %, other clinical factors did not have significant importance. The lethal outcome among patients with coronavirus pneumonia occurred with both insignificant and extensive lesions. Histological studies of the lung tissue indicated the presence of diffuse alveolar damage with the development of an exudative, exudative-proliferative or proliferative phase. 

Целью исследования было определение особенностей рентгенологической картины туберкулеза легких у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа. Были изучены истории болезни и рентгенологические исследования 164 пациентов. Пациенты были разделены на две равные по численности группы: в 1-ю группу вошли пациенты с туберкулезом легких и сахарным диабетом 2 типа; во 2-ю группу — пациенты с туберкулезом легких без патологии эндокринной системы. Оценивался объем поражения легочной ткани, локализация туберкулезного процесса и динамика развития/регресса туберкулеза. Длительность течения туберкулеза у пациентов обоих групп отличалась и составила в среднем в 1-й группе — 133 ± 7,1 койко-дня и во 2-й группе — 110 ± 5,3 койко-дня. Для пациентов 1-й группы было характерным более обширное поражение легочной паренхимы — более 2 сегментов и, в большинстве случаев, являлось двусторонним процессом. В то время как у пациентов 2-й группы патологические изменения визуализированы в 1–2 сегментах и в подавляющем большинстве случаев процесс был односторонним. У пациентов 1-й группы туберкулезный процесс в 37,3 % локализовался в нижних отделах легких; во 2-й группе — в 12 %. Отмечены различия в темпах выздоровления пациентов 1-й и 2-й групп. Положительная/слабоположительная рентгенологическая динамика у пациентов 1-й группы на 25 % диагностировалась реже, чем во 2-й группе, отрицательная рентгенологическая динамика на 11 % диагностировалась чаще, чем во 2-й группе. Синдром взаимного отягощения двух патологических процессов характеризуется медленным темпом выздоровления, более высокой частотой рецидивов и формированием обширных посттуберкулезных изменений. Определена прямая пропорциональная зависимость между высоким уровнем гликемии и тяжестью течения туберкулеза, а также формированием стертой клинико-рентгенологической картины. 

The progressive development of X-ray technologies and the introduction of highly informative methods, which include digital X-ray tomosynthesis, significantly expands the possibilities of early diagnosis of breast diseases. X-ray tomosynthesis of the mammary gland (MF) is a modified method of digital mammography, which allows to obtain layer-by-layer sections of the mammary gland using rotation along the C-arc of an X-ray tube, which contributes to a more detailed study of the structure of the dense mammary gland (BIRADS C, D). It is advisable to use X-ray tomosynthesis as an element of personalized screening in women with mammographic density BI-RADS C and D, as well as in women with implanted mammary glands. 1,500 women with high mammographic density were examined. 

Volvulus in children is a little-known and severe pathology, potentially life-threatening and requiring accurate and rapid diagnosis. The nonspecificity of the clinical picture in many cases is determined by a variety of morphological features of pathology, variability of the clinical course and many combined structural changes. Diagnosis of gastric volvulus requires a comprehensive radiation examination, while radiographic data are not always specific, echographic data are poorly understood, and 3D computed tomography is not always available. The publication presents data on two own observations (children 9 and 4 years old), which were diagnosed on the basis of a comprehensive radiation examination and a successful laparoscopic gastropexy was performed. A previously undescribed echographic symptom was revealed, the appearance of which was confirmed experimentally. The publication contains a literature review and is extensively illustrated. 

Ultrasonic scanning for patients without clearly expressed clinical symptoms is mainly aimed at detection of acute surgical and urological pathology and at searching for oncological diseases. However, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of identification of a rare pathology in non-endemic regions, such as hydatid echinococcosis of liver. The article presents the description of a clinical case of hydatid echinococcosis registered in Nizhny Novgorod region.